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ProfessorJamesWatson

Born6th April, (Chicago, United States)

Together with Francis Crick, Watson was co-discoverer of the double-helix structure of DNA. This they accomplished with the help of earlier research by Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins.

(Photo credit: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)

Family

The son of American parents with English, Scottish and Irish roots, James Watson was born in Chicago.

One of two children, Watson shared a passion for bird watching with his father, who was a tax-collector. Originally interested in becoming an ornothologist, in he shifted his ambition to studying genetics when he read Erwin Schrodinger's book 'What Is Life?'. In he married Elizabeth Lewis with whom he had two sons, one of whom developed schizophrenia.

His son's disease awakened Watson's interest in understanding the genetics behind the disease.

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Education

As a child Watson attended Horace Mann Grammar School and then South Shore High School. When 15 years old he went to the University of Chicago, graduating with a degree in zoology. In Watson began a doctorate in zoology at Indiana University, where he worked on bacteriophages, viruses that invade bacteria in order to reproduce, as part of research to understand the nature of genetic mutation.

Completing his PhD in , Watson then spent a postdoctoral year at Copenhagen University where he continued his study of viruses and started remedying his ignorance of chemistry.

Career

In Watson joined the Medical Research Council Unit at Cavendish Laboratories in Cambridge where several important X-ray crystallographic projects were in progress.

Soon he was collaborating with Francis Crick to unravel the structure of DNA. From he took up several positions at Harvard University and in became director of the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory (CSHL), helping it become a leading insitution in genetic research. Between and Watson headed the National Center for Human Genome Research at the National Institutes of Health and then returned to CSHL, from which he retired in

Achievements

Watson is most strongly associated with the determination of the structure of DNA as a double helix, which he published with Crick in Awarded a Nobel Prize for this work alongside Crick and Maurice Wilkins, this research opened up a new understanding of biology and genetics, laying the foundation for the development of recombinant DNA which helped spawn the new biotechnology industry in the s.

James watson brief biography of benjamin moore After several failed attempts, more analysis of the X-ray images, and a fortuitous conversation with a biochemist who corrected one of their hypothesized base structures, they developed the correct model. His work at Harvard focused on RNA and its role in the transfer of genetic information. Clough Hermann A. Franklin's letters were framed with the normal and unremarkable forms of address, beginning with "Dear Jim", and concluding with "Best Wishes, Yours, Rosalind".

Under his watch Cold Spring Habour Laboratory became a leading research centre, not only helping to uncover the molecular nature of cancer but identify cancer genes for the first time.

James Watson: timeline of key events

Watson is a molecular biologist and geneticist who helped to determine the double-helix structure of DNA in , for which he shared the Nobel Prize for Medicine.

Watson also helped set up the Human Genome Project, which he headed up between to He left the project after campaigning against the NIH patenting the human genome. In he became the second person to publish his fully sequenced genome online. This he did to encourage the development of personalised medicine.

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James D Watson was born in Chicago, IL, USANature published Crick and Watson's letter on Molecular Structure of Nucleic Acids: A Structure for DNA in which they described a double helix structureT+Nature published Crick and Watson's letter on Molecular Structure of Nucleic AcidsOne paper, published by Rosalind Franklin with her PhD student Ray Gosling, included an image produced with x-ray crystallography, which showed DNA to have regularly repeating helical structure.

Known as photograph 51, this image had been previously been shown by Maurice Wilkins, without Franklin's permission, to James Watson, who, together with Francis Crick, used it to develop their double-helix model of DNA which was also published in Nature. Calculations from the photograph provided crucial parameters for the size of the helix and its structure, all of which were critical for Watson and Crick's molecular modelling work.

Crick and Watson depicted DNA as having a double helix in which A always pairs with T, and C always with G. Their final model represented a correction of an earlier model in the light of comments made by Franklin that the hydrophilic backbones should not go at the centre of the molecule, as Watson and Crick had originally assumed, but go on the outside of the molecule where they could interact with water.

The three papers were published in Nature, (25 April ), T+

Nature published three papers showing the molecular structure of DNA to be a double helixThe award was given to James Watson, Francis Crick and Maurice Wilkins. The work of these individuals was built upon that of Rosalind Franklin who died before the Nobel Prize was awarded. T+Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine awarded for determining the structure of DNAThe prize was awarded to James Watson, Francis Crick and Maurice Wilkins who helped to show that the DNA molecule consists of two strands that wind round each other like a twisted ladder.

They argued that each strand contains a backbone made up of alternating groups of sugar (deoxyribose) and phosphate groups and that each sugar had an attached one of four nucelotide bases: adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), or thymine (T). Much of this work rested on the work of Rosalind Franklin and and her student Ray Gosling.

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Franklin died before the Nobel Prize was awarded. T+

Nobel Prize awarded for uncovering the structure of DNABiologists gathered at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory laid out the first plans for mapping and sequencing the human genome.

Among those attending were Walter Gilbert, James Watson and Paul Berg. Many scientists were highly sceptical that such a project was feasible because of the large size of the genome and the time and costs involved.

James watson brief biography of benjamin lincoln: Frederick Hawthorne Judith P. Watson championed a switch in focus for the school from classical biology to molecular biology , stating that disciplines such as ecology , developmental biology , taxonomy , physiology , etc. Archived from the original on December 10, Franklin told Crick and Watson that the backbones had to be on the outside; before then, Linus Pauling and Watson and Crick had erroneous models with the chains inside and the bases pointing outwards.

Up to this point scientists had only managed to sequence some viral DNAs which had , DNA base pairs. The human genome was 10, bigger in size. T+

Plans for sequencing human genome first laid out

Date	Event	People
6 Apr	Watson	Laboratory of Molecular Biology
2 Apr	Watson,Crick	Cambridge
25 Apr	Franklin, Gosling, Crick, Watson, Wilkins. James watson brief biography of benjamin Richardson Mario R. Haus James L. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. Heilmeier Luna B. Stokes, Wilson	Birkbeck College, Kings College London, Cambridge University
18 Oct	Watson, Crick, Wilkins	Laboratory of Molecular Biology
19 Oct	Watson, Crick, Wilkins, Franklin, Gosling	University of Cambridge, King's College London, Birkbeck College
30 Apr	Gilbert, Watson, Berg

6 Apr

James D Watson was born in Chicago, IL, USA

2 Apr

Nature published Crick and Watson's letter on Molecular Structure of Nucleic Acids

25 Apr

Nature published three papers showing the molecular structure of DNA to be a double helix

18 Oct

Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine awarded for determining the structure of DNA

19 Oct

Nobel Prize awarded for uncovering the structure of DNA

19 Oct

Plans for sequencing human genome first laid out