Jackie kennedy last photo
Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis
First Lady of the United States from to
"Mrs. Kennedy" redirects here. For other women with this surname, see Kennedy (surname).
"Jackie O" redirects here. For the radio presenter, see Jackie O (radio host).
For the singer, see Jacki-O.
Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis | |
|---|---|
Kennedy in | |
| In role January 20, &#;– November 22, | |
| President | John F. Kennedy |
| Preceded by | Mamie Eisenhower |
| Succeeded by | Lady Bird Johnson |
| Born | Jacqueline Lee Bouvier ()July 28, Southampton, New York, U.S. |
| Died | May 19, () (aged&#;64) New York City, U.S. |
| Resting place | Arlington National Cemetery |
| Political party | Democratic |
| Spouses | |
| Domestic partner | Maurice Tempelsman (–) |
| Relations | |
| Children | 4, including Caroline, John Jr., and Patrick |
| Parents | |
| Relatives | |
| Education | |
| Occupation |
|
| Signature | |
Jacqueline Lee Kennedy Onassis[a] (née&#;Bouvier; July 28, – May 19, ) was an American writer, book editor, and socialite who served as the first lady of the United States from to , as the wife of president John F.
Kennedy. A popular first lady, she endeared herself to the American public with her devotion to her family, dedication to the historic preservation of the White House, the campaigns she led to preserve and restore historic landmarks and architecture along with her interest in American history, culture, and arts. During her lifetime, she was regarded as an international icon for her unique fashion choices, and her work as a cultural ambassador of the United States made her very popular globally.[1]
After studying history and art at Vassar College and graduating with a Bachelor of Arts in French literature from George Washington University in , Bouvier started working for the Washington Times-Herald as an inquiring photographer.[2] The following year, she met then-Congressman John F.
Kennedy of Massachusetts at a dinner party in Washington. He was elected to the Senate that same year, and the couple married on September 12, , in Newport, Rhode Island. They had four children, two of whom died in infancy. Following her husband's election to the presidency in , Kennedy was known for her highly publicized restoration of the White House and emphasis on arts and culture as well as for her style.
She also traveled to many countries where her fluency in foreign languages and history made her very popular.[3][4] At age 33, she was named Time magazine's Woman of the Year in
After her husband's assassination and funeral in , Kennedy and her children largely withdrew from public view. In , she married Greek shipping magnate Aristotle Onassis, which caused controversy.
Following Onassis's death in , she had a career as a book editor in New York City, first at Viking Press and then at Doubleday, and worked to restore her public image. Even after her death, she ranks as one of the most popular and recognizable first ladies in American history, and in , she was placed on the list of Gallup's Most-Admired Men and Women of the 20th century.[5] She died in and is buried at Arlington National Cemetery alongside President Kennedy and two of their children, one stillborn and one who died shortly after birth.[6] Surveys of historians conducted periodically by the Siena College Research Institute since have consistently found Kennedy Onassis to rank among the most highly regarded first ladies.
Early life (–)
Family and childhood
Jacqueline Lee Bouvier was born on July 28, , at Southampton Hospital in Southampton, New York, to Wall Street stockbroker John Vernou "Black Jack" Bouvier III and socialite Janet Norton Lee.[7] Her mother was of Irish descent,[8] and her father had French, Scottish, and English ancestry.[9][b] Named after her father, she was baptized at the Church of St.
Ignatius Loyola in Manhattan and raised in the Roman Catholic faith.[12]Caroline Lee, her younger sister, was born four years later on March 3, [13]
Jacqueline Bouvier spent her early childhood years in Manhattan and at Lasata, the Bouviers' country estate in East Hampton on Long Island.[14] She looked up to her father, who likewise favored her over her sister, calling his elder child "the most beautiful daughter a man ever had".[15] Biographer Tina Santi Flaherty reports Jacqueline's early confidence in herself, seeing a link to her father's praise and positive attitude to her, and her sister Lee Radziwill stated that Jacqueline would not have gained her "independence and individuality" had it not been for the relationship she had with their father and paternal grandfather, John Vernou Bouvier Jr.[16][17] From an early age, Jacqueline was an enthusiastic equestrienne and successfully competed in the sport, and horse-riding remained a lifelong passion.[16][18] She took ballet lessons, was an avid reader, and excelled at learning foreign languages, including French, Spanish, and Italian.[19] French was particularly emphasized in her upbringing.[20]
In , Jacqueline Bouvier was enrolled in Manhattan's Chapin School, where she attended grades 1–7.[18][21] She was a bright student but often misbehaved; one of her teachers described her as "a darling child, the prettiest little girl, very clever, very artistic, and full of the devil".[22] Her mother attributed this behavior to her finishing her assignments ahead of classmates and then acting out in boredom.[23] Her behavior improved after the headmistress warned her that none of her positive qualities would matter if she did not behave.[23]
The marriage of the Bouviers was strained by the father's alcoholism and extramarital affairs; the family had also struggled with financial difficulties following the Wall Street Crash of [14][24] They separated in and divorced four years later, with the press publishing intimate details of the split.[25] According to her cousin John H.
Davis, Jacqueline was deeply affected by the divorce and subsequently had a "tendency to withdraw frequently into a private world of her own."[14] When their mother married Standard Oil heir Hugh Dudley Auchincloss Jr., the Bouvier sisters did not attend the ceremony because it was arranged quickly and travel was restricted due to World War II.[26] They gained three stepsiblings from Auchincloss's previous marriages, Hugh "Yusha" Auchincloss III, Thomas Gore Auchincloss, and Nina Gore Auchincloss.
Jacqueline formed the closest bond with Yusha, who became one of her most trusted confidants.[26] The marriage later produced two more children, Janet Jennings Auchincloss in and James Lee Auchincloss in [27]
As a wedding gift, Mr. Auchincloss presented his new wife, Janet, with a car. But, being in the depths of World War II, no new cars were being produced.
So, Mr. Auchincloss gave her a like-new Ford Deluxe Convertible. Jacqueline, 13 at the time, learned to drive in this Ford. She continued using the car with her siblings through the s. Shortly before her graduation from George Washington University in , the Auchincloss family sold the Ford. The car now resides in the Crumpley Family Collection in Texas.
After the remarriage, Auchincloss's Merrywood estate in McLean, Virginia, became the Bouvier sisters' primary residence, although they also spent time at his other estate, Hammersmith Farm in Newport, Rhode Island, and in their father's homes in New York City and Long Island.[14][28] Although she retained a relationship with her father, Jacqueline Bouvier also regarded her stepfather as a close paternal figure.[14] He gave her a stable environment and the pampered childhood she otherwise would have never experienced.[29] While adjusting to her mother's remarriage, she sometimes felt like an outsider in the WASP social circle of the Auchinclosses, attributing the feeling to her being Catholic as well as being a child of divorce, which was not common in that social group at that time.[30]
After seven years at Chapin, Jacqueline Bouvier attended the Holton-Arms School in Northwest Washington, D.C., from to and Miss Porter's School in Farmington, Connecticut, from to [8] She chose Miss Porter's because it was a boarding school that allowed her to distance herself from the Auchinclosses and because the school placed an emphasis on college preparatory classes.[31] In her senior class yearbook, Bouvier was acknowledged for "her wit, her accomplishment as a horsewoman, and her unwillingness to become a housewife".
She later hired her childhood friend Nancy Tuckerman to be her social secretary at the White House.[32] She graduated among the top students of her class and received the Maria McKinney Memorial Award for Excellence in Literature.[33]
College and early career
In the fall of , Jacqueline Bouvier entered Vassar College in Poughkeepsie, New York, at that time a women's institution.[34] She had wanted to attend Sarah Lawrence College, closer to New York City, but her parents insisted that she choose the more isolated Vassar.[35] She was an accomplished student who participated in the school's art and drama clubs and wrote for its newspaper.[14][36] Due to her dislike of Vassar's location in Poughkeepsie, she did not take an active part in its social life and instead traveled back to Manhattan for the weekends.[37] She had made her debut to high society in the summer before entering college and became a frequent presence in New York social functions.
Hearst columnist Igor Cassini dubbed her the "debutante of the year".[38] She spent her junior year (–) in France—at the University of Grenoble in Grenoble, and at the Sorbonne in Paris—in a study-abroad program through Smith College.[39] Upon returning home, she transferred to George Washington University in Washington, D.C., graduating with a Bachelor of Arts degree in French literature in [27] During the early years of her marriage to John F.
Kennedy, she took continuing education classes in American history at Georgetown University in Washington, D.C.[27]
While attending George Washington, Jacqueline Bouvier won a twelve-month junior editorship at Vogue magazine; she had been selected over several hundred other women nationwide.[40] The position entailed working for six months in the magazine's New York City office and spending the remaining six months in Paris.[40] Before beginning the job, she celebrated her college graduation and her sister Lee's high school graduation by traveling with her to Europe for the summer.[40] The trip was the subject of her only autobiography, One Special Summer, co-authored with Lee; it is also the only one of her published works to feature Jacqueline Bouvier's drawings.[41] On her first day at Vogue, the managing editor advised her to quit and go back to Washington.
Jackie kennedy biography wikipedia: Illness, death, and funeral [ edit ]. She is buried next to John F. Ancestry: Irish, English, French, Scottish; Jacqueline Kennedy was half-Irish, her mother being the granddaughter of four immigrants from County Cork, who came to New York during the 's potato famine. November 19,
According to biographer Barbara Leaming, the editor was concerned about Bouvier's marriage prospects; she was 22 years of age and was considered too old to be single in her social circles. She followed the advice, left the job and returned to Washington after only one day of work.[40]
Bouvier moved back to Merrywood and was referred by a family friend to the Washington Times-Herald, where editor Frank Waldrop hired her as a part-time receptionist.[42] A week later she requested more challenging work, and Waldrop sent her to city editor Sidney Epstein, who hired her as an "Inquiring Camera Girl" despite her inexperience, paying her $25 a week.[43] He recalled, "I remember her as this very attractive, cute-as-hell girl, and all the guys in the newsroom giving her a good look."[44] The position required her to pose witty questions to individuals chosen at random on the street and take their pictures for publication in the newspaper alongside selected quotations from their responses.[14] In addition to the random "man on the street" vignettes, she sometimes sought interviews with people of interest, such as six-year-old Tricia Nixon.
Bouvier interviewed Tricia a few days after her father Richard Nixon was elected to the vice presidency in the election.[45] During this time, Bouvier was briefly engaged to a young stockbroker named John Husted. After only a month of dating, the couple published the announcement in The New York Times in January [46] After three months, she called off the engagement because she had found him "immature and boring" once she got to know him better.[47][48]
Marriage to John F.
Kennedy
Further information: Wedding dress of Jacqueline Bouvier
Jacqueline and U.S. RepresentativeJohn F. Kennedy met at a dinner party hosted by journalist Charles L. Bartlett in May [14] She was attracted to Kennedy's physical appearance, wit and wealth. The pair also shared the similarities of Catholicism, writing, enjoying reading and having previously lived abroad.[49] Kennedy was busy running for the U.S.
Senate seat in Massachusetts; the relationship grew more serious and he proposed to her after the November election. Bouvier took some time to accept, because she had been assigned to cover the coronation of Elizabeth II in London for The Washington Times-Herald.[22]
After a month in Europe, she returned to the United States and accepted Kennedy's marriage proposal.
She then resigned from her position at the newspaper.[50] Their engagement was officially announced on June 25, She was 24 and he was [51][52] Bouvier and Kennedy married on September 12, , at St. Mary's Church in Newport, Rhode Island, in a Mass celebrated by Boston's ArchbishopRichard Cushing.[53] The wedding was considered the social event of the season with an estimated guests at the ceremony and 1, at the reception that followed at Hammersmith Farm.[54] The wedding dress was designed by Ann Lowe of New York City, and is now housed in the Kennedy Presidential Library in Boston.
The dresses of her attendants were also created by Lowe, who was not credited by Jacqueline Kennedy.[55]
The newlyweds honeymooned in Acapulco, Mexico, before settling in their new home, Hickory Hill in McLean, Virginia, a suburb of Washington, D.C.[56] Kennedy developed a warm relationship with her parents-in-law, Joseph and Rose Kennedy.[57][58][59] In the early years of their marriage, the couple faced several personal setbacks.
John Kennedy suffered from Addison's disease and from chronic and at times debilitating back pain, which had been exacerbated by a war injury; in late , he underwent a near-fatal spinal operation.[60] Additionally, Jacqueline Kennedy suffered a miscarriage in and in August gave birth to a stillborn daughter, Arabella.[61][62] They subsequently sold their Hickory Hill estate to Kennedy's brother Robert, who occupied it with his wife Ethel and their growing family, and bought a townhouse on N Street in Georgetown.[8] The Kennedys also resided at an apartment at Bowdoin Street in Boston, their permanent Massachusetts residence during John's congressional career.[63][64]
Kennedy gave birth to daughter Caroline on November 27, [61] At the time, she and her husband were campaigning across Massachusetts for his re-election to the Senate, and they posed with their infant daughter for the cover of the April 21, , issue of Life magazine.[65][c][which?] They traveled together during the campaign as part of their efforts to reduce the physical separation that had characterized the first five years of their marriage.
Soon enough, John Kennedy started to notice the value his wife added to his congressional campaign. Kenneth O'Donnell remembered "the size of the crowd was twice as big" when she accompanied her husband; he also recalled her as "always cheerful and obliging". John's mother Rose, however, observed that Jacqueline was not "a natural-born campaigner" due to her shyness and was uncomfortable with too much attention.[67] In November , John was reelected to a second term.
President john kennedy biography During their marriage, Jacqueline and Aristotle Onassis inhabited six different residences: her room Fifth Avenue apartment in Manhattan, her horse farm in Peapack-Gladstone, New Jersey , [ ] his Avenue Foch apartment in Paris, his private island Skorpios , his house in Athens, and his yacht Christina O. In the Siena College Research Institute survey, Onassis had been ranked the lowest in the criteria of integrity. Ten months later, the Commission issued its report finding that Lee Harvey Oswald had acted alone when he assassinated President Kennedy. In April of the Kennedys announced that Jackie was pregnant.He credited Jacqueline's visibility in the ads and stumping as vital assets in securing his victory and called her "simply invaluable".[68][69]
In July , historian Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. visited the Kennedy Compound in Hyannis Port, Massachusetts and had his first conversation with Jacqueline Kennedy; he found her to have "tremendous awareness, an all-seeing eye and a ruthless judgment".[70] That year, John Kennedy traveled to 14 states, but Jacqueline took long breaks from the trips to spend time with their daughter, Caroline.
She also counseled her husband on improving his wardrobe in preparation for the presidential campaign planned for the following year.[71] In particular, she traveled to Louisiana to visit Edmund Reggie and to help her husband garner support in the state for his presidential bid.[72]
First Lady of the United States (–)
On January 2, , John F.
Kennedy, then a U.S. senator from Massachusetts, announced his candidacy for the presidency at the Russell Senate Office Building, and launched his campaign nationwide. In the early months of the election year, Jacqueline Kennedy accompanied her husband to campaign events such as whistle-stops and dinners.[73] Shortly after the campaign began, she became pregnant.
Due to her previous high-risk pregnancies, she decided to stay at home in Georgetown.[74][75] Jacqueline subsequently participated in the campaign by writing a weekly syndicated newspaper column, "Campaign Wife", answering correspondence, and giving interviews to the media.[22]
Despite her non-participation in the campaign, Kennedy became the subject of intense media attention with her fashion choices.[76] On one hand, she was admired for her personal style; she was frequently featured in women's magazines alongside film stars and named as one of the 12 best-dressed women in the world.[77] On the other hand, her preference for French designers and her spending on her wardrobe brought her negative press.[77] In order to downplay her wealthy background, Kennedy stressed the amount of work she was doing for the campaign and declined to publicly discuss her clothing choices.[77]
On July 13, at the Democratic National Convention in Los Angeles, the party nominated John F.
Kennedy for president. Jacqueline did not attend the nomination due to her pregnancy, which had been publicly announced ten days earlier.[78] She was in Hyannis Port when she watched the September 26, debate—which was the nation's first televised presidential debate—between her husband and Republican candidate Richard Nixon, who was the incumbent vice president.
Marian Cannon, the wife of Arthur Schlesinger, watched the debate with her. Days after the debates, Jacqueline Kennedy contacted Schlesinger and informed him that John wanted his aid along with that of John Kenneth Galbraith in preparing for the third debate on October 13; she wished for them to give her husband new ideas and speeches.[79][which?] On September 29, , the Kennedys appeared together for a joint interview on Person to Person, interviewed by Charles Collingwood.[78]
As first lady
On November 8, , John F.
Kennedy narrowly defeated Republican opponent Richard Nixon in the U.S. presidential election.[22] A little over two weeks later on November 25, Jacqueline Kennedy gave birth to the couple's first son, John F. Kennedy Jr.[22] She spent two weeks recuperating in the hospital, during which the most minute details of both her and her son's conditions were reported by the media in what has been considered the first instance of national interest in the Kennedy family.[81]
Kennedy's husband was sworn in as president on January 20, At 31, Kennedy was the third youngest woman to serve as first lady, as well as the first Silent Generation first lady.[22] She insisted they also kept a family home away from the public eye and rented Glen Ora at Middleburg.[82] As a presidential couple, the Kennedys differed from the Eisenhowers by their political affiliation, youth, and their relationship with the media.
Historian Gil Troy has noted that in particular, they "emphasized vague appearances rather than specific accomplishments or passionate commitments" and therefore fit in well in the early s' "cool, TV-oriented culture".[83] The discussion about Kennedy's fashion choices continued during her years in the White House, and she became a trendsetter, hiring American designer Oleg Cassini to design her wardrobe.[84] She was the first presidential wife to hire a press secretary, Pamela Turnure, and carefully managed her contact with the media, usually shying away from making public statements, and strictly controlling the extent to which her children were photographed.[85][86] The media portrayed Kennedy as the ideal woman, which led academic Maurine Beasley to observe that she "created an unrealistic media expectation for first ladies that would challenge her successors".[86] Nevertheless, she attracted worldwide positive public attention and gained allies for the White House and international support for the Kennedy administration and its Cold War policies.[87]
Although Kennedy stated that her priority as a first lady was to take care of the President and their children, she also dedicated her time to the promotion of American arts and preservation of its history.[88][89] The restoration of the White House was her main contribution, but she also furthered the cause by hosting social events that brought together elite figures from politics and the arts.[88][89] One of her unrealized goals was to found a Department of the Arts, but she did contribute to the establishment of the National Endowment for the Arts and the National Endowment for the Humanities, established during Johnson's tenure.[89]
White House restoration
Kennedy had visited the White House on two occasions before she became first lady: the first time as a grade-school tourist in and again as the guest of outgoing First Lady Mamie Eisenhower shortly before her husband's inauguration.[88] She was dismayed to find that the mansion's rooms were furnished with undistinguished pieces that displayed little historical significance[88] and made it her first major project as first lady to restore its historical character.
On her first day in residence, she began her efforts with the help of interior decorator Sister Parish. She decided to make the family quarters attractive and suitable for family life by adding a kitchen on the family floor and new rooms for her children. The $50, that had been appropriated for this effort was almost immediately exhausted.
Continuing the project, she established a fine arts committee to oversee and fund the restoration process and solicited the advice of early American furniture expert Henry du Pont.[88] To solve the funding problem, a White House guidebook was published, sales of which were used for the restoration.[88] Working with Rachel Lambert Mellon, Jacqueline Kennedy also oversaw the redesign and replanting of the Rose Garden and the East Garden, which was renamed the Jacqueline Kennedy Garden after her husband's assassination.
In addition, Kennedy helped to stop the destruction of historic homes in Lafayette Square in Washington, D.C., because she felt these buildings were an important part of the nation's capital and played an essential role in its history. She helped to stop the destruction of historic buildings along the square, including the Renwick Building, now part of the Smithsonian Institution, and her support of historic preservation also reached beyond the United States as she brought international attention to the thirteenth-century B.C.
temples of Abu Simbel that were in danger of being flooded by Egypt's Aswan Dam.[88]
Prior to Kennedy's years as first lady, presidents and their families had taken furnishings and other items from the White House when they departed; this led to the lack of original historical pieces in the mansion.
She personally wrote to possible donors in order to track down these missing furnishings and other historical pieces of interest.[90] Jacqueline Kennedy initiated a Congressional bill establishing that White House furnishings would be the property of the Smithsonian Institution rather than available to departing ex-presidents to claim as their own.
She also founded the White House Historical Association, the Committee for the Preservation of the White House, the position of a permanent Curator of the White House, the White House Endowment Trust, and the White House Acquisition Trust.[91] She was the first presidential spouse to hire a White House curator.[85]
On February 14, , Jacqueline Kennedy, accompanied by Charles Collingwood of CBS News, took American television viewers on a tour of the White House.
Jackie kennedy white house staff The Southeast Missourian. Retrieved December 3, March 5, Following his death, she resumed her career in the writing profession, but as an editor, first at Viking Press, and then Doubleday; she often wrote the introduction to the books she edited and also worked on obtaining and laying out the illustrations.In the tour, she stated, "I feel so strongly that the White House should have as fine a collection of American pictures as possible. It's so important the setting in which the presidency is presented to the world, to foreign visitors. The American people should be proud of it. We have such a great civilization.
So many foreigners don't realize it. I think this house should be the place we see them best."[91] The film was watched by 56 million television viewers in the United States,[88] and was later distributed to countries. Kennedy won a special Academy of Television Arts & Sciences Trustees Award for it at the Emmy Awards in , which was accepted on her behalf by Lady Bird Johnson.
Kennedy was the only first lady to win an Emmy.[85]
Foreign trips
Jackie Kennedy was a cultural ambassador of the United States known for her cultural and diplomatic work globally and would travel sometimes without President Kennedy to different countries to promote cultural exchange and diplomatic relations.
She was highly regarded by foreign dignitaries, as she used her fluency in foreign languages such as French, Spanish, and Italian, as well as her cultural knowledge, to establish strong relationships with foreign leaders and to give speeches. She was awarded the French Legion of Honor, the highest civilian award given by the French government, becoming the initial First Lady and first American woman to be such a recipient.
Her role as a cultural ambassador had a significant impact on cultural diplomacy and helped strengthen ties between the United States and other countries.
Jacqueline's language skills and cultural knowledge were highly respected by the French people, and her visit to France with President Kennedy in was seen as a great success. During the visit, she made a speech in French at the American University in Paris, which was widely praised for its eloquence.
In her speech, Jacqueline Kennedy spoke about the importance of cultural exchange between France and the United States, and she emphasized the shared values and history of the two nations.
Throughout her husband's presidency and more than any of the preceding first ladies, Kennedy made many official visits to other countries, on her own or with the President.[27] Despite the initial worry that she might not have "political appeal", she proved popular among international dignitaries.[83] Before the Kennedys' first official visit to France in , a television special was shot in French with the First Lady on the White House lawn.
After arriving in the country, she impressed the public with her ability to speak French, as well as her extensive knowledge of French history.[92] At the conclusion of the visit, Time magazine seemed delighted with the First Lady and noted, "There was also that fellow who came with her." Even President Kennedy joked: "I am the man who accompanied Jacqueline Kennedy to Paris&#;– and I have enjoyed it!"[93][94]
From France, the Kennedys traveled to Vienna, Austria, where Soviet PremierNikita Khrushchev was asked to shake the President's hand for a photo.
He replied, "I'd like to shake her hand first."[95] Khrushchev later sent her a puppy, Pushinka; the animal was significant for being the offspring of Strelka, the dog that had gone to space during a Soviet space mission.[96]
At the urging of U.S. Ambassador to India John Kenneth Galbraith, Kennedy undertook a tour of India and Pakistan with her sister Lee Radziwill in The tour was amply documented in photojournalism as well as in Galbraith's journals and memoirs.
The president of Pakistan, Ayub Khan, had given her a horse named Sardar as a gift. He had found out on his visit to the White House that he and the First Lady had a common interest in horses.[97]Life magazine correspondent Anne Chamberlin wrote that Kennedy "conducted herself magnificently" although noting that her crowds were smaller than those that President Dwight Eisenhower and Queen Elizabeth II attracted when they had previously visited these countries.[98] In addition to these well-publicized trips during the three years of the Kennedy administration, she traveled to countries including Afghanistan, Austria, Canada,[99]Colombia, United Kingdom, Greece, Italy, Mexico,[]Morocco, Turkey, and Venezuela.[27] Unlike her husband, Kennedy was fluent in Spanish, which she used to address Latin American audiences.[]
Death of infant son
Main article: Patrick Bouvier Kennedy
In early , Kennedy was again pregnant, which led her to curtail her official duties.
She spent most of the summer at a home she and the President had rented on Squaw Island, which was near the Kennedy compound on Cape Cod, Massachusetts. On August 7 (five weeks ahead of her scheduled due date), she went into labor and gave birth to a boy, Patrick Bouvier Kennedy, via emergency Caesarean section at nearby Otis Air Force Base.
The infant's lungs were not fully developed, and he was transferred from Cape Cod to Boston Children's Hospital, where he died of hyaline membrane disease two days after birth.[][] Kennedy had remained at Otis Air Force Base to recuperate after the Caesarean delivery; her husband went to Boston to be with their infant son and was present when he died.
On August 14, the President returned to Otis to take her home and gave an impromptu speech to thank nurses and airmen who had gathered in her suite.
Jackie kennedy biography book Archived from the original on August 10, Kennedy Presidential Library in Boston. Schlesinger, Jr. John's mother Rose, however, observed that Jacqueline was not "a natural-born campaigner" due to her shyness and was uncomfortable with too much attention.In appreciation, she presented hospital staff with framed and signed lithographs of the White House.[]
The First Lady was deeply affected by Patrick's death[] and proceeded to enter a state of depression.[] However, the loss of their child had a positive impact on the marriage and brought the couple closer together in their shared grief.[] Arthur Schlesinger wrote that while John Kennedy always "regarded Jackie with genuine affection and pride," their marriage "never seemed more solid than in the later months of ".[][which?] Jacqueline Kennedy's friend Aristotle Onassis was aware of her depression and invited her to his yacht to recuperate.
President Kennedy initially had reservations, but he relented because he believed that it would be "good for her". The trip was widely disapproved of within the Kennedy administration, by much of the general public, and in Congress. The First Lady returned to the United States on October 17, She would later say she regretted being away as long as she was but had been "melancholy after the death of my baby".[]
Assassination and funeral of John F.
Kennedy
Main articles: Assassination of John F. Kennedy, State funeral of John F. Kennedy, and John F. Kennedy autopsy
On November 21, , the First Lady and the President embarked on a political trip to Texas with several goals in mind. This was the first time that she had joined her husband on such a trip in the U.S.[] After a breakfast on November 22, they took a very short flight on Air Force One from Fort Worth's Carswell Air Force Base to Dallas's Love Field, accompanied by Texas Governor John Connally and his wife Nellie.[] The First Lady was wearing a bright pink Chanel suit and a pillbox hat,[1][] which had been personally selected by President Kennedy.[] A mile (&#;km) motorcade was to take them to the Trade Mart, where the president was scheduled to speak at a lunch.
The First Lady was seated to her husband's left in the third row of seats in the presidential car, with the Governor and his wife seated in front of them. Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson and his wife followed in another car in the motorcade.[citation needed]
After the motorcade turned the corner onto Elm Street in Dealey Plaza, the First Lady heard what she thought to be a motorcycle backfiring.
She did not realize that it was a gunshot until she heard Governor Connally scream. Within seconds, two more shots had rung out, and one of the shots struck her husband in the head. Almost immediately, she began to climb onto the back of the limousine; Secret Service agent Clint Hill later told the Warren Commission that he thought she had been reaching across the trunk for something coming off the right rear bumper of the car.[] Hill ran to the car and leapt onto it, directing her back to her seat.
As Hill stood on the back bumper, Associated Press photographer Ike Altgens snapped a photograph that was featured on the front pages of newspapers around the world.[] She would later testify that she saw pictures "of me climbing out the back. But I don't remember that at all".[]
The President was rushed for the mile (&#;km) trip to Parkland Hospital.
At the First Lady's request, she was allowed to be present in the operating room.[][page&#;needed] President Kennedy never regained consciousness. He died not long after, aged After her husband was pronounced dead, Kennedy refused to remove her blood-stained clothing and reportedly regretted having washed the blood off her face and hands, explaining to Lady Bird Johnson that she wanted "them to see what they have done to Jack".[] She continued to wear the blood-stained pink suit as she boarded Air Force One and stood next to Johnson when he took the oath of office as president.
The unlaundered suit became a symbol of her husband's assassination, and was donated to the National Archives and Records Administration in Under the terms of an agreement with her daughter, Caroline, the suit will not be placed on public display before [][] Johnson's biographer Robert Caro wrote that Johnson wanted Jacqueline Kennedy to be present at his swearing-in in order to demonstrate the legitimacy of his presidency to JFK loyalists and to the world at large.[]
Kennedy took an active role in planning her husband's state funeral, modeling it after Abraham Lincoln's service.[] She requested a closed casket, overruling the wishes of her brother-in-law, Robert.[] The funeral service was held at the Cathedral of St.
Matthew the Apostle in Washington D.C., with the burial taking place at nearby Arlington National Cemetery. Kennedy led the procession on foot and lit the eternal flame—created at her request—at the gravesite. Lady Jeanne Campbell reported back to the London Evening Standard: "Jacqueline Kennedy has given the American people one thing they have always lacked: Majesty."[]
A week after the assassination,[] new president Lyndon B.
Johnson issued an executive order that established the Warren Commission—led by Chief JusticeEarl Warren—to investigate the assassination. Ten months later, the Commission issued its report finding that Lee Harvey Oswald had acted alone when he assassinated President Kennedy.[] Privately, his widow cared little about the investigation, stating that even if they had the right suspect, it would not bring her husband back.[] Nevertheless, she gave a deposition to the Warren Commission.[d] Following the assassination and the media coverage that had focused intensely on her during and after the burial, Kennedy stepped back from official public view, apart from a brief appearance in Washington to honor the Secret Service agent, Clint Hill, who had climbed aboard the limousine in Dallas to try to shield her and the President.
Jackie kennedy biography encyclopedia brown Jacqueline Kennedy's paternal grandmother Maude Sergeant was the daughter of an immigrant from Kent, England. Archived from the original on July 14, Archived from the original on June 3, Archived from the original on May 21,Life following the assassination (–)
Mourning period and later public appearances
Don't let it be forgot, that once there was a spot, for one brief, shining moment that was known as Camelot.
There'll be great presidents again but there will never be another Camelot.[]
—Kennedy describing the years of her husband's presidency for Life
On November 29, —a week after her husband's assassination—Kennedy was interviewed in Hyannis Port by Theodore H.
White of Life magazine.[] In that session, she compared the Kennedy years in the White House to King Arthur's mythical Camelot, commenting that the President often played the title song of Lerner and Loewe's musical recording before retreating to bed. She also quoted Queen Guinevere from the musical, trying to express how the loss felt.[] The era of the Kennedy administration has subsequently been referred to as the "Camelot Era", although historians have later argued that the comparison is not appropriate, with Robert Dallek stating that Kennedy's "effort to lionize [her husband] must have provided a therapeutic shield against immobilizing grief."[]
Kennedy and her children remained in the White House for two weeks following the assassination.[] Wanting to "do something nice for Jackie", President Johnson offered an ambassadorship to France to her, aware of her heritage and fondness for the country's culture, but she turned the offer down, as well as follow-up offers of ambassadorships to Mexico and the United Kingdom.
At her request, Johnson renamed the Florida space center the John F. Kennedy Space Center a week after the assassination. Kennedy later publicly praised Johnson for his kindness to her.[]
Kennedy spent in mourning and made few public appearances. In the winter following the assassination, she and the children stayed at Averell Harriman's home in Georgetown.
On January 14, , Kennedy made a televised appearance from the office of the Attorney General, thanking the public for the "hundreds of thousands of messages" she had received since the assassination, and said she had been sustained by America's affection for her late husband.[] She purchased a house for herself and her children in Georgetown but sold it later in and bought a 15th-floor penthouse apartment for $, at Fifth Avenue in Manhattan in the hopes of having more privacy.[][][]
In the following years, Kennedy attended selected memorial dedications to her late husband.[e] She also oversaw the establishment of the John F.
Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum, which is the repository for official papers of the Kennedy Administration.[] Designed by architect I.M. Pei, it is situated next to the University of Massachusetts campus in Boston.[]
Despite having commissioned William Manchester's authorized account of President Kennedy's death, The Death of a President, Kennedy was subject to significant media attention in – when she and Robert Kennedy tried to block its publication.[][][] They sued publishers Harper & Row in December ; the suit was settled the following year when Manchester removed passages that detailed President Kennedy's private life.
White viewed the ordeal as validation of the measures the Kennedy family, Jacqueline in particular, were prepared to take to preserve John's public image.[citation needed]
During the Vietnam War in November , Life magazine dubbed Kennedy "America's unofficial roving ambassador" when she and David Ormsby-Gore, former British ambassador to the United States during the Kennedy administration, traveled to Cambodia, where they visited the religious complex of Angkor Wat with Chief of State Norodom Sihanouk.[][] According to historian Milton Osborne, her visit was "the start of the repair to Cambodian-US relations, which had been at a very low ebb".[] She also attended the funeral services of Martin Luther King Jr.
in Atlanta, Georgia, in April , despite her initial reluctance due to the crowds and reminders of President Kennedy's death.[]
Relationship with Robert F. Kennedy
After her husband's assassination, Jacqueline Kennedy relied heavily on her brother-in-law Robert F. Kennedy; she observed him to be the "least like his father" of the Kennedy brothers.[] He had been a source of support after she had suffered a miscarriage early in her marriage; it was he, not her husband, who stayed with her in the hospital.[] In the aftermath of the assassination, Robert became a surrogate father for her children until eventual demands by his own large family and his responsibilities as attorney general required him to reduce attention.[] He credited her with convincing him to stay in politics, and she supported his run for United States senator from New York.[]
The January Tet offensive in Vietnam resulted in a drop in President Johnson's poll numbers, and Robert Kennedy's advisors urged him to enter the upcoming presidential race.
When Art Buchwald asked him if he intended to run, Robert replied, "That depends on what Jackie wants me to do".[][] She met with him around this time and encouraged him to run after she had previously advised him not to follow Jack, but to "be yourself". Privately, she worried about his safety; she believed that Bobby was more disliked than her husband had been and that there was "so much hatred" in the United States.[] She confided in him about these feelings, but by her own account, he was "fatalistic" like her.[] Despite her concerns, Jacqueline Kennedy campaigned for her brother-in-law and supported him,[] and at one point even showed outright optimism that through his victory, members of the Kennedy family would once again occupy the White House.[]
Just after midnight PDT on June 5, , an enraged Jordanian gunman named Sirhan Sirhanmortally wounded Robert Kennedy minutes after he and a crowd of his supporters had been celebrating his victory in the California Democratic presidential primary.[] Jacqueline Kennedy rushed to Los Angeles to join his wife Ethel, her brother-in-law Ted, and the other Kennedy family members at his bedside in Good Samaritan Hospital.
Robert Kennedy never regained consciousness and died the following day. He was 42 years old.[]
Marriage to Aristotle Onassis
After Robert Kennedy's death in , Kennedy reportedly suffered a relapse of the depression she had suffered in the days following her husband's assassination nearly five years prior.[] She came to fear for her life and those of her two children, saying: "If they're killing Kennedys, then my children are targets I want to get out of this country."[]
On October 20, , Jacqueline Kennedy married her long-time friend Aristotle Onassis, a Greek shipping magnate who was able to provide the privacy and security she sought for herself and her children.[] The wedding took place on Skorpios, Onassis's private Greek island in the Ionian Sea.[] After marrying Onassis, she took the legal name Jacqueline Onassis and consequently lost her right to Secret Service protection, which is an entitlement of a widow of a U.S.
president. The marriage brought her considerable adverse publicity. The fact that Aristotle was divorced and his former wife Athina Livanos was still living led to speculation that Jacqueline might be excommunicated by the Roman Catholic church, though that concern was explicitly dismissed by Boston's archbishop, Cardinal Richard Cushing, as "nonsense".[] She was condemned by some as a "public sinner",[] and became the target of paparazzi who followed her everywhere and nicknamed her "Jackie O".[]
In , billionaire heiress Doris Duke, with whom Jacqueline Onassis was friends, appointed her as the vice president of the Newport Restoration Foundation.
Onassis publicly championed the foundation.[][]
During their marriage, Jacqueline and Aristotle Onassis inhabited six different residences: her room Fifth Avenue apartment in Manhattan, her horse farm in Peapack-Gladstone, New Jersey,[] his Avenue Foch apartment in Paris, his private island Skorpios, his house in Athens, and his yacht Christina O.
Onassis ensured that her children continued a connection with the Kennedy family by having Ted Kennedy visit them often.[] She developed a close relationship with Ted, and from then on he was involved in her public appearances.[]
Aristotle Onassis's health deteriorated rapidly following the death of his son Alexander in a plane crash in [] He died of respiratory failure aged 69 in Paris on March 15, His financial legacy was severely limited under Greek law, which dictated how much a non-Greek surviving spouse could inherit.
After two years of legal wrangling, Jacqueline Onassis eventually accepted a settlement of $26&#;million from Christina Onassis—Aristotle's daughter and sole heir—and waived all other claims to the Onassis estate.[]