Biography of imam zuhri ahir

Arab jurist and scholar (//42)

For the 12th-century Andalusian geographer, see Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr al-Zuhri. For other people with this name, see al-Zuhri (disambiguation).

Imam Ibn Shihab az-Zuhri
Born	AH&#;58 (/) Medina, Umayyad Caliphate
Died	AH&#; (/)
Region	Syria, Hejaz
Main interest(s)	Hadith, prophetic biography, fiqh
Relations	Abdullah ibn Muslim al-Zuhri (brother)
Religion	Islam

Muhammad ibn Muslim ibn Ubaydullah ibn Abdullah ibn Shihab az-Zuhri ([محمد بن مسلم بن عبید الله بن عبد الله بن شهاب الزهري] Error: {{Langx}}: transliteration text not Latin script (pos ̲) (help); died AH/ CE), also referred to as Ibn Shihab or az-Zuhri, was a tabi'iArabjurist and traditionist credited with pioneering the development of sīra-maghazi and hadith literature.

Raised in Medina, he studied hadith and maghazi under Medinese traditionists before rising to prominence at the Umayyad court, where he served in a number of religious and administrative positions. He transmitted several thousand hadith included in the six canonical Sunni hadith collections and his work on maghazi forms the basis of the extant biographies of Muhammad.^[1][2] His relationship with the Umayyads has been debated by both early and modern Sunnis, Shias and Western orientalists.

Biography of imam zuhri ahir Zuhri is cited as an informant for approximately 3, narrations in the six canonical Sunni hadith collections. Add to Cart. On sale! Abd Allah ibn Abbas — taught.

Biography

Early life and career

Muhammad ibn Muslim az-Zuhri was born c.&#;AH&#;58 (/) in the city of Medina. His father Muslim was a supporter of the Zubayrids during the Second Fitna, while his great-grandfather Abdullah fought against Muhammad at the Battle of Uhud before converting to Islam.^[3]

Despite hailing from the Banu Zuhrah^[4] — a clan of Quraysh — Zuhri's early life was characterised by poverty, and he served as the breadwinner for his family.

As a youth, Zuhri enjoyed studying poetry and genealogy, and possessed an excellent memory which enabled him in this pursuit.^[5] He consumed honey syrup in a bid to sharpen it further, and wrote voluminous notes on slates and parchment to aid with memory recall.^[6]

Dedicating himself to the study of hadith and maghazi narrations in his twenties, he studied under the Medinese scholars Said ibn al-Musayyib, Urwah ibn Zubayr, Ubayd-Allah ibn Abd-Allah and Abu Salamah, the son of Abd al-Rahman ibn Awf.^[7] He referred to them as four "oceans of knowledge".^[4] Using the traditions that were transmitted to him, Zuhri compiled a maghazi work of which fragments can be found in the writings of his students Ibn Ishaq and Ma'mar ibn Rashid.^[8][9] He may have been the first to combine multiple maghazi reports into one to produce a single, coherent narrative with collective chains of narration - a technique later used by Ishaq and Al-Waqidi.^[10]

Encounter with Abd al-Malik

In the account of the 9th-century Shia historian Ya'qubi, a teenage Zuhri was taken to caliph Abd al-Malik (r.&#;–) while visiting Damascus in c.&#;AH&#;72 (/).

The caliph sought to prevent the Syrians from performing the Hajj in Mecca, which was controlled by the Zubayrids. Adducing a hadith from Zuhri that permitted pilgrimage to Jerusalem, Abd al-Malik ordered the construction of the Dome of the Rock to serve as a site for a substitute pilgrimage.^[11]

Ignác Goldziher states that Zuhri fabricated the hadith at the behest of the caliph.^[12] However, the historicity of the encounter has been disputed by Muhammad Mustafa al-Azami, Nabia Abbott and Harald Motzki, as Zuhri was then a young and unknown figure, others also transmitted the hadith and his source Said ibn al-Musayyib would not consent to his name being used in a forgery.^[13][14][15]

Patronage by the Umayyads

As his stature as a scholar grew, Zuhri came to the attention of the Umayyads.

He enjoyed the patronage of Abd al-Malik after being introduced to him in c.&#;AH&#;82 (/) and of his successor al-Walid I (r.&#;–).^[16]

Zuhri's study circle was praised by the deeply religious Umar II (r.&#;–), who was engaged in scholarly pursuits in Medina. Upon his accession, he ordered prominent traditionists to commit their hadith to writing as part of his vision to codify the sunnah.

Zuhri was tasked with compiling their manuscripts into books,^[17] copies of which were sent to cities throughout the caliphate.^[18]

During the reign of Yazid II (r.&#;–), Zuhri accepted an offer of judgeship from the caliph. He also served the Umayyads as a tax collector and as a member of the shurta.^[19]

Hisham (r.&#;–) employed Zuhri as a tutor for his sons, permitting him to live at the court in Resafa.^[20] There, Hisham compelled Zuhri to write down hadith for the young Umayyad princes - a move that troubled the scholar, who was opposed to the practice.

He later complained about the coercion, adding "Now that the rulers have written it [hadith], I am ashamed I do not write it for anyone else but them."^[21] Zuhri remained at Resafa for the next two decades, where he continued to teach new students and hold lectures in which he transmitted hadith.^[9]

Retirement and death

Toward the end of his life, Zuhri retired to an estate granted to him by the Umayyads in Shaghb wa-Bada, located on the border of the Hejaz and Palestine.

He died from illness in AH/ CE. In his will, he designated the estate as sadaqah and requested to be buried in the middle of a nearby road so that passers-by could pray for him. His grave was visited by al-Husayn ibn al-Mutawakkil al-Asqalani, who described it as being raised and plastered with white gypsum.^[22]

Students

Alongside the casual attendees of his lectures, Zuhri taught at least two dozen regular students.

These included:

Relationship with the Umayyads

Views of Zuhri's contemporaries

Zuhri's attachment to the Umayyad court was negatively perceived by a number of his contemporaries. A statement attributed to Malik ibn Anas criticises Zuhri for using his religious knowledge for worldly gain,^[26] while Yaḥya ibn Maʻin forbade comparisons of him with al-A’mash as he "served in the administration of the Umayyads".

Others defended his integrity: Amr ibn Dinar implied Zuhri had no desire to forge traditions for the Umayyads, even in exchange for bribes.^[27] Similarly, Abd al-Rahman al-Awza'i stated that Zuhri did not seek to appease the authorities.^[27] In addition, Ma'mar ibn Rashid quotes Zuhri as laughing at the Umayyads' claim that Uthman, a member of the Banu Umayya, signed the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah rather than Ali.^[28]

Views of modern scholarship

The exact nature of Zuhri's relationship with the Umayyads has been debated by modern scholars.

Biography of imam zuhri ahir muhammad People are now fed up with mere talks. Sticky Header:. Contents move to sidebar hide. If a story is recorded by erudite and trustworthy scholars like Adh-Dhahabee, I deem that an enough verification, though I avoided reprehensible stories or any story rejected by the learned scholars.

In Goldziher's view, Zuhri was a pious scholar who was nonetheless compelled, if not willing, to forge traditions for them.^[29] In contrast, Muhammad Mustafa al-Azami and Abd al-Aziz Duri argue for the independence of Zuhri. They cite instances where he refused to falsely answer religious questions in a manner that would benefit the Umayyads, and an incident where he threatened to kill a young al-Walid II, who he tutored, for his bad manners.^[30] Michael Lecker argues against attempts to dissociate him from the Umayyads, but suggests he earned a degree of freedom within the court.^[31]

Legacy

Influence on hadith and maghazi-sirah literature

Zuhri's traditions and fiqh opinions were transmitted by his students and are included in Sunni hadith corpus.

Zuhri is cited as an informant for approximately 3, narrations in the six canonical Sunni hadith collections.^[2] Malik ibn Anas refers to Zuhri for 21% of the traditions in his Muwatta, while Ma'mar ibn Rashid and Ibn Jurayj refer to Zuhri for 28% and 6% of the traditions in their respective corpora in the Musannaf of Abd al-Razzaq.^[32] Ma'mar and Ibn Ishaq, both students of Zuhri, rely heavily on their teacher's traditions in their respective prophetic biographies.

Ma'mar's Kitab al-Maghazi relies heavily on maghazi traditions transmitted during Zuhri's lectures,^[33] as does Ibn Ishaq's Sirat Rasul Allah, although the latter also includes large amounts of material from popular storytellers and Biblical accounts.^[34]

Shia view

Shia scholars specialising in biographical evaluation hold differing assessments of Zuhri.

Due to his service for the Umayyads, Shaykh Tusi, Allamah Al-Hilli and Muhammad Baqir al-Majlisi considered him a Sunni and an enemy of the Ahl al-Bayt; the latter grading him as a da'if transmitter. Despite this, Tusi includes traditions from Zuhri in his collections Tahdhib al-Ahkam and Al-Istibsar.^[35]Abu al-Qasim al-Khoei and Muhammad Taqi Shushtari view Zuhri as a pro-Alid Sunni based on an account of him seeking the counsel of Ali ibn Husayn Zayn al-Abidin after accidentally killing a person.

For the same reason, a third group, including Muhammad Taqi Majlisi, maintains Zuhri was a Shia and that his traditions are authentic (sahih).^[36]

Sunni view

Ibn Shihab az-Zuhri is regarded as one of the greatest Sunni authorities on Hadith. The leading critics of Hadith such as Ibn al-Madini, Ibn Hibban, Abu Hatim, Al-Dhahabi and Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani are all agreed upon his indisputable authority.

He received ahadith from many Sahaba (Companions) and numerous scholars among the first and second generations after the Companions narrated from him. Imam Zuhri prepared a collection of Hadith under the orders of the Omayyad ruler of the time. Copies of this collection were sent by the ruler to all the Islamic countries.

From that time on the collection of Hadith became common.

Biography of imam zuhri ahir al Key: Taught in Iraq. Qasim ibn Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr — taught and raised by Aisha. He says, " His piety probably caused his conscience to be troubled occasionally but he could not forever resist the pressure of the governing circles. His grave was visited by al-Husayn ibn al-Mutawakkil al-Asqalani, who described it as being raised and plastered with white gypsum.

Necessary to mention here that the manner in which he collected Hadith. He went to the house of every Ansar in Medina for this purpose.

Early Islamic scholars

Early Islamic scholars

Muhammad, The final Messenger of God(– the Constitution of Medina, taught the Quran, and advised his companions Abdullah ibn Masud (died ) taught Ali (–) fourth caliph taught Aisha, Muhammad's wife and Abu Bakr's daughter taught Abd Allah ibn Abbas (–) taught Zayd ibn Thabit (–) taught Umar (–) second caliph taught Abu Hurairah (–) taught Alqama ibn Qays (died ) taught Husayn ibn Ali (–) taught Qasim ibn Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr (–) taught and raised by Aisha Urwah ibn Zubayr (died ) taught by Aisha, he then taught Said ibn al-Musayyib (–) taught Abdullah ibn Umar (–) taught Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr (–) taught by Aisha, he then taught Ibrahim al-Nakha’i taught Ali ibn Husayn Zayn al-Abidin (–) taught Hisham ibn Urwah (–) taught Ibn Shihab al-Zuhri (died ) taught Salim ibn Abd-Allah ibn Umar taught Umar ibn Abdul Aziz (–) raised and taught by Abdullah ibn Umar Hammad ibn Abi Sulayman taught Muhammad al-Baqir (–) taught Farwah bint al-Qasim Jafar's mother Abu Hanifa (–) wrote Al Fiqh Al Akbar and Kitab Al-Athar, jurisprudence followed by Sunni, Sunni Sufi, Barelvi, Deobandi, Zaidiyyah and originally by the Fatimid and taught Zayd ibn Ali (–) Ja'far bin Muhammad Al-Baqir (–) Muhammad and Ali's great great grand son, jurisprudence followed by Shia, he taught Malik ibn Anas (–) wrote Muwatta, jurisprudence from early Medina period now mostly followed by Sunni in Africa, Sunni Sufi and taught Al-Waqidi (–) wrote history books like Kitab al-Tarikh wa al-Maghazi, student of Malik ibn Anas Abu Muhammad Abdullah ibn Abdul Hakam (died ) wrote biographies and history books, student of Malik ibn Anas Abu Yusuf (–) wrote Usul al-fiqh Muhammad al-Shaybani (–) al-Shafi‘i (–) wrote Al-Risala, jurisprudence followed by Sunni, Sunni sufi and taught Ismail ibn Ibrahim Ali ibn al-Madini (–) wrote The Book of Knowledge of the Companions Ibn Hisham (died ) wrote early history and As-Sirah an-Nabawiyyah, Muhammad's biography Isma'il ibn Ja'far (–) Musa al-Kadhim (–) Ahmad ibn Hanbal (–) wrote Musnad Ahmad ibn Hanbal jurisprudence followed by Sunni, Sunni sufi and hadith books Muhammad al-Bukhari (–) wrote Sahih al-Bukhari hadith books Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj (–) wrote Sahih Muslim hadith books Dawud al-Zahiri (–/4) founded the Zahiri school Muhammad ibn Isa at-Tirmidhi (–) wrote Jami` at-Tirmidhi hadith books Al-Baladhuri (died ) wrote early history Futuh al-Buldan, Genealogies of the Nobles Ibn Majah (–) wrote Sunan ibn Majah hadith book Abu Dawood (–) wrote Sunan Abu Dawood Hadith Book Muhammad ibn Ya'qub al-Kulayni ( ) wrote Kitab al-Kafi hadith book followed by Twelver Shia Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari (–) wrote History of the Prophets and Kings, Tafsir al-Tabari Abu Hasan al-Ash'ari (–) wrote Maqālāt al-islāmīyīn, Kitāb al-luma, Kitāb al-ibāna 'an usūl al-diyāna Ibn Babawayh (–) wrote Man La Yahduruhu al-Faqih jurisprudence followed by Twelver Shia Sharif Razi (–) wrote Nahj al-Balagha followed by Twelver Shia Nasir al-Din al-Tusi (–) wrote jurisprudence books followed by Ismaili and Twelver Shia Al-Ghazali (–) wrote The Niche for Lights, The Incoherence of the Philosophers, The Alchemy of Happiness on Sufism Rumi (–) wrote Masnavi, Diwan-e Shams-e Tabrizi on Sufism Key: Some of Muhammad's Companions Key: Taught in Medina Key: Taught in Iraq Key: Worked in Syria Key: Travelled extensively collecting the sayings of Muhammad and compiled books of hadith Key: Worked in Persia

See also

Notes

References

• Lecker, M. (), “az-Zuhrī”, Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs.
• al-Azami, Muhammad Mustafa. (), Studies in Early Hadith Literature: with a critical edition of some early texts.

  Indiapolis, Indiana: American Trust Publications.

• Duri, A. (), "az-Zuhrī: A Study on the Beginnings of History Writing in Islam". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London,19(1),
• Lecker, M. (), "Biographical notes on Ibn Shihab az-Zuhri", Journal of Semitic Studies.

• Rāshid, Maʿmar ibn; Anthony, Sean W. (), The Expeditions: An Early Biography of Muhammad. Edited by Joseph E. Lowry, NYU Press.
• Goldziher, I. (), Muslim Studies, Vol. 2, edited by S. M. Stern and translated from German by C. R. Barber and S. M. Stern. London: Allen and Unwin.
• Abbott, N. (), Studies in Arabic Literary Papyri II: Qur'anic Commentary and Tradition.

  Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

• Görke, Andreas (), “The Relationship between Maghāzī and Ḥadīth in Early Islamic Scholarship.” Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, vol. 74, no. 2, , pp. –
• Motzki, H., Boekhoff-van der Voort, N., & Anthony, S.

  W. (), Analysing Muslim Traditions. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill.

• Vahidnia, F., Naqizadih, H., & Raisian, G. (), Shi‘a Rijali Views of Muhammad ibn Muslim ibn Shihab az-Zuhri. Journal of Shi'a Islamic Studies7(1),
• Motzki, H. (), Ḥadīth: Origins and developments. Routledge.

Further reading

• There is a modern discussion of az-Zuhri, his life, works and legacy in the eighth chapter of Azami's Studies in Early Hadith Literature: Mohmammad Mustafa Azmi "Studies in Early Hadith Literature: with a Critical Edition of Some Early texts" 1st edition , 3rd edition used, American Trust Publications, ISBN&#;
• Boekhoff-van der Voort, Nicolet, Umayyad Court, in Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Prophet of God (2 vols.), Edited by C.

  Fitzpatrick and A. Walker, Santa Barbara, ABC-CLIO, , Vol. II, pp.&#;– ISBN&#; (an entry on the Umayyad court and, in particular, the impact of Ibn Shihab az-Zuhri by a leading specialist on az-Zuhri)

External links