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Pakistani general

Rao Farman Ali KhanSQA SK (Urdu: راؤ فرمان علی&#;; 1 January – 20 January ) was a Pakistani military officer who is widely considered complicit in the Rayer Bazar killings during the Bangladesh Liberation War.^[1][2][3]

Farman oversaw the deployment of local militias (razakars) during the Bangladesh Liberation War in ^[4] He testified his responsibilities in the Hamoodur Rahman Commission in but denied allegations of genocide committed in Bangladesh in spite of the Hamoodur Rahman Commission which proved the involvement of misconducts and genocide of Pakistani military personnel.^[5]

Upon retirement, he joined the Fauji Foundation and later headed the Fauji Fertilizer Company Limited in ^[6] From –88, he served as petroleum minister and National Security Advisor in PresidentZia-ul-Haq's administration, and went into hiding after Zia's death.^[6]

Farman authored a book titled How Pakistan Got Divided.^[7]

Biography

Rao Farman Ali Khan was born into a Rajput family in Rohtak, East Punjab, then under the British Colonial rule in ^[8] His date of birth is read as 1 January , according to the official headstone written in Urdu in his grave which is located in the Westridge cemetery in Rawalpindi.^{[citation needed]}

He was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the Regiment of Artillery of the British Indian Army during the World War II in ^[9] After the partition of British India in , he opted to join the Pakistan Army.^[8]

He was in East Pakistan from 28 February to 25 March ^[8] In this time, he was commander of the 14th Division's artillery.

On the promulgation of martial law on all over Pakistan by Gen. Yahya Khan, Farman was appointed as the Brigadier (Civil Affairs) in the office of the Zonal Administrator of martial law in East Pakistan and was later promoted to Maj. Gen. while remaining in the same post.

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From 4 July to 3 September he functioned under the designation of Major General (Political Affairs) and from the latter date to 14 December he worked as adviser to the Governor of East Pakistan.^[7]

He enjoyed the full support of President Yahya Khan serving under several governors and oversaw various civil affairs in the government.^{[citation needed]} He helped raise the paramilitary units such as the Volunteers (Razakars), Peace Committee, Al Badr, and Al Shams to aid the genocide of the Pakistan army.^{[citation needed]}

In , when the talks with Awami League failed, Ali along with Lieutenant-General Tikka Khan launched the military crackdown on the people of erstwhile East Pakistan under direction of President Yahya Khan.^[4] Ali was held responsible for the massacre of Bengali intellectuals that took place in the Dhaka University.^[10] Hamoodur Rahman Commission though heavily criticized other senior military staff of Pakistan Army in East Pakistan at the time including confirmation of mass atrocities, cleared Ali citing the fact that he was not involved in any direct Military Operation due to the nature of his post which was mostly Administrative.^[11]

Altaf Gohar, an East Pakistani civil servant, recounted that a friend told him a hit list had been drawn up for elimination of certain Bangalis.

The friend asked Gohar if he could do something to save Sanaul Haque, whose name was on the list. Gohar asked an acquaintance who knew Farman to persuade Farman to drop that name from the list. "Farman took out", said Gohar, "a list from the drawer and cut off the name".^[2]

Pages of this very diary with lists of intellectuals were recovered from the debris of Rao Farman's office, the then Governor's House, which was bombed by the Indian Air Force on 14 December.

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A note book was found in Rao Farman Ali's office in Dhaka, One page contained a list of university teachers with addresses, with tick marks besides some of the names like "M. Haider Chy. Bangali" or "Saduddin-Sociology, D, UQ" (university quarter). It was up to the readers to find out the reality of this page, and the meaning of the marks, bearing in mind that the last entry was most probably on 13 December.^[1]

After the civil war in ended, Farman's diary was recovered from the ruins of the Governor's house.

A page from the diary showed a list of intellectuals.^[2] In , he, along with Lieutenant-General Amir Abdullah Khan Niazi, sent a telegram to the U.S. Embassy in Dacca to transmit the surrender proposal to New Delhi. Farman Ali also sent a request for a cease-fire to the United Nations, but it was quickly countermanded by a message from President Yahya Khan which described Farman Ali's request as "unauthorized".

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About the Bangladesh Liberation War, General Niazi maintained that Farman requested the latter on multiple occasions to station him back to Pakistan after Farman's gained notoriety over his involvement in the killing of the intellectuals.^[10] A.A.K. Niazi wrote in his book, "The Betrayal of East Pakistan that Farman had quoted: "Mukti Bahini would kill him of his alleged massacre of the Bangalees and intellectuals on the night of 15–16 December.

It was a pathetic sight to see him pale and almost on the verge of break down."^[10] He is also alleged to have written in his Diary as: "Green Land of East Pakistan will be painted Red."^[12] However, Farman Ali had denied all the accusations leveled against him, and branded these accusations as "lies."

In , Ali testified against A.A.K.

Niazi in the Hamoodur Rahman Commission and noted that Niazi's morale collapsed as early as 7 December and cried fanatically over the progress report presented to the Abdul Motaleb Malik.^[13] Controversy regarding his own involvement in the political events of East had arisen since he had denied all accusations leveled against him despite testifying his responsibilities.

Farman Ali was forcefully retired from the military in but appointed as managing director of Fauji Foundation in which he remained in that position until ^[6] He founded the Fauji Foundation and helped create the chemical fertilizer and served as the first director of the Fauji Fertilizer Company in ^[6] In , he was appointed as Minister of Petroleum and Natural Resources and National Security Advisor in President Zia-ul-Haq's administration, which he served until ^[6]

After the sudden death of President Zia-ul-Haq, Farman Ali reportedly went into hiding and lived a very quiet life in Rawalpindi on a pension.^[6] Throughout the s, he fought a brief illness and authored a book, Sar Gazisht, based on the East Pakistan crises.^[6] On 20 January , Farman Ali died and was laid to rest with military honors in Westridge cemetery in Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan.^[6]

Awards and decorations

Foreign decorations

See also

References