Azhar bilakhia biography of albert einstein
Albert Einstein: Biography, facts and impact on science
Albert Einstein was a German-American physicist and probably the most well-known scientist of the 20th century.
Azhar bilakhia biography of albert einstein She lived with Einstein in his Princeton home until her death in Einstein was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in for his explanation of the photoelectric effect. Anti-Semitism was on the rise and relativity was not yet seen as a proven theory, according to an article from The Guardian. In those conditions, when 10 years have gone by for you, it will have been years on Earth!He is famous for his theory of relativity, a pillar of modern physics that describes the dynamics of light and extremely massive entities, as well as his work in quantum mechanics, which focuses on the subatomic realm.
Albert Einstein's birthday and education
Einstein was born in Ulm, in the German state of Württemberg, on March 14, , according to a biography from the Nobel Prize organization.
His family moved to Munich six weeks later, and in , when he was 6 years old, he began attending Petersschule, a Catholic elementary school.
Contrary to popular belief, Einstein was a good student. "Yesterday Albert received his grades, he was again number one, and his report card was brilliant," his mother once wrote to her sister, according to a German website dedicated to Einstein's legacy.
But when he later switched to the Luitpold grammar school, young Einstein chafed under the school's authoritarian attitude, and his teacher once said of him, "never will he get anywhere."
In , at age 17, Einstein entered the Swiss Federal Polytechnic School in Zurich to be trained as a teacher in physics and mathematics. A few years later, he gained his diploma and acquired Swiss citizenship but was unable to find a teaching post.
Biography of albert einstein summary According to a letter he wrote to future wife Elsa, he stopped wearing them because he was annoyed by his big toe pushing through the material and creating a hole. The final two papers outlined his theory of special relativity, which showed how observers moving at different speeds would agree about the speed of light, which was a constant. During his life, Albert Einstein was involved in many important discoveries and inventions that are still of very high importance for the understanding of modern physics. He also completed his dissertation "A New Determination of Molecular Dimensions", and his official doctorate followed inSo he accepted a position as a technical assistant in the Swiss patent office.
Related: 10 discoveries that prove Einstein was right about the universe — and 1 that proves him wrong
Einstein's wives and children
Einstein married Mileva Maric, his longtime love and former student, in A year prior, they had a child out of wedlock, who was discovered by scholars only in the s, when private letters revealed her existence.
The daughter, called Lieserl in the letters, may have been mentally challenged and either died young or was adopted when she was a year old. Einstein had two other children with Maric, Hans Albert and Eduard, born in and , respectively.
Einstein divorced Maric in and soon married his cousin Elsa Löwenthal, with whom he had been in a relationship since
How Einstein changed physics
Einstein obtained his doctorate in physics in — a year that's often known as his annus mirabilis ("year of miracles" in Latin), according to the Library of Congress.
That year, he published four groundbreaking papers of significant importance in physics.
The first incorporated the idea that light could come in discrete particles called photons. This theory describes the photoelectric effect, the concept that underpins modern solar power.
Azhar bilakhia biography of albert einstein scientist He was still required to complete his pre-university education first and thus attended a high school in Aarau, Switzerland, helmed by Jost Winteler. The German-born physicist Albert Einstein developed the first of his groundbreaking theories while working as a clerk in the Swiss patent office in Bern. A fourth paper concerned the fundamental relationship between mass and energy, concepts viewed previously as completely separate. Toward the end of the s, Max Talmud, a Polish medical student who sometimes dined with the Einstein family, became an informal tutor to young Einstein.The second explained Brownian motion, or the random motion of particles or molecules. Einstein looked at the case of a dust mote moving randomly on the surface of water and suggested that water is made up of tiny, vibrating molecules that kick the dust back and forth.
The final two papers outlined his theory of special relativity, which showed how observers moving at different speeds would agree about the speed of light, which was a constant.
These papers also introduced the equation E = mc^2, showing the equivalence between mass and energy. That finding is perhaps the most widely known aspect of Einstein's work. (In this infamous equation, E stands for energy, m represents mass and c is the constant speed of light).
In , Einstein published four papers outlining his theory of general relativity, which updated Isaac Newton's laws of gravity by explaining that the force of gravity arose because massive objects warp the fabric of space-time.
The theory was validated in , when British astronomer Arthur Eddington observed stars at the edge of the sun during a solar eclipse and was able to show that their light was bent by the sun's gravitational well, causing shifts in their perceived positions.
Related: 8 Ways you can see Einstein's theory of relativity in real life
In , he won the Nobel Prize in physics for his work on the photoelectric effect, though the committee members also mentioned his "services to Theoretical Physics" when presenting their award.
The decision to give Einstein the award was controversial because the brilliant physicist was a Jew and a pacifist. Anti-Semitism was on the rise and relativity was not yet seen as a proven theory, according to an article from The Guardian.
Einstein was a professor at the University of Berlin for a time but fled Germany with Löwenthal in , during the rise of Adolf Hitler.
He renounced his German citizenship and moved to the United States to become a professor of theoretical physics at Princeton, becoming a U.S. citizen in
During this era, other researchers were creating a revolution by reformulating the rules of the smallest known entities in existence. The laws of quantum mechanics had been worked out by a group led by the Danish physicist Niels Bohr, and Einstein was intimately involved with their efforts.
Bohr and Einstein famously clashed over quantum mechanics.
Bohr and his cohorts proposed that quantum particles behaved according to probabilistic laws, which Einstein found unacceptable, quipping that "God does not play dice with the universe." Bohr's views eventually came to dominate much of contemporary thinking about quantum mechanics.
Einstein's later years and death
After he retired in , Einstein spent most of his later years trying to unify gravity with electromagnetism in what's known as a unified field theory.
Einstein died of a burst blood vessel near his heart on April 18, , never unifying these forces.
Einstein's body was cremated and his ashes were spread in an undisclosed location, according to the American Museum of Natural History. But a doctor performed an unauthorized craniotomy before this and removed and saved Einstein's brain.
The brain has been the subject of many tests over the decades, which suggested that it had extra folding in the gray matter, the site of conscious thinking.
In particular, there were more folds in the frontal lobes, which have been tied to abstract thought and planning. However, drawing any conclusions about intelligence based on a single specimen is problematic.
Related: Where is Einstein's brain?
Gravitational waves and relativity
In addition to his incredible legacy regarding relativity and quantum mechanics, Einstein conducted lesser-known research into a refrigeration method that required no motors, moving parts or coolant.
He was also a tireless anti-war advocate, helping found the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, an organization dedicated to warning the public about the dangers of nuclear weapons.
Einstein's theories concerning relativity have so far held up spectacularly as a predictive models. Astronomers have found that, as the legendary physicist anticipated, the light of distant objects is lensed by massive, closer entities, a phenomenon known as gravitational lensing, which has helped our understanding of the universe's evolution.
Azhar bilakhia biography of albert einstein for kids He has a bachelor's degree in astrophysics from UC Berkeley. On Earth, however, time passes Famed quantum theorist Max Planck backed up the assertions of Einstein, who thus became a star of the lecture circuit and academia, taking on various positions before becoming director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics today is known as the Max Planck Institute for Physics from to Henry Kissinger.The James Webb Space Telescope, launched in Dec. , has utilized gravitational lensing on numerous occasions to detect light emitted near the dawn of time, dating to just a few hundred million years after the Big Bang.
In , the Advanced Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory also announced the first-ever direct detection of gravitational waves, created when massive neutron stars and black holes merge and generate ripples in the fabric of space-time.
Further research published in found that the entire universe may be rippling with a faint "gravitational wave background," emitted by ancient, colliding black holes.
Additional resources
Find answers to frequently asked questions about Albert Einstein on the Nobel Prize website. Flip through digitized versions of Einstein's published and unpublished manuscripts at Einstein Archives Online. Learn about The Einstein Memorial at the National Academy of Sciences building in Washington, D.C.
This article was last updated on March 11, by Live Science editor Brandon Specktor to include new information about how Einstein's theories have been validated by modern experiments.
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Adam Mann is a freelance journalist with over a decade of experience, specializing in astronomy and physics stories.
He has a bachelor's degree in astrophysics from UC Berkeley. His work has appeared in the New Yorker, New York Times, National Geographic, Wall Street Journal, Wired, Nature, Science, and many other places. He lives in Oakland, California, where he enjoys riding his bike.